INVESTING IN
BOND ETFs

Bond ETFs have revolutionised how investors access fixed-income markets; they offer a cost-effective way to add bonds to your portfolio without the complexity of buying and managing individual bonds. These exchange-traded funds pool together hundreds or thousands of bonds, providing instant diversification and professional management at a fraction of the traditional cost. This is what you need to know about how they work, their pros and cons, and how to establish which bond ETFs might be a good fit for your portfolio.

---

What Are Bond ETFs and How Do They Work?

Bond ETFs are exchange-traded funds that track a basket of bonds, offering investors exposure to the fixed-income market through a single, tradeable security.

Unlike traditional bond investing, where you purchase individual bonds directly, bond ETFs pool together numerous bonds – from government securities to corporate debt – creating diversification across issuers, maturities, and credit qualities.

Bond ETF funds work by tracking a specific bond index. The Vanguard Total Bond Market ETF, for example, tracks the Bloomberg Barclays US Float Adjusted Index. When you buy shares in the BND ETF, you’re essentially purchasing a slice of this entire bond index which has exposure to over 10,000 investment grade bonds which are largely US-based, but also include some international bonds.

The Mechanics of Bond ETF Trading

An ETF’s price fluctuates throughout the trading day based on supply and demand, while the underlying bonds generate regular interest payments that are typically distributed to shareholders monthly or quarterly.

Professional fund managers handle the complex task of buying, selling, and managing the underlying bonds to ensure the ETF remains aligned to the methodology of the index it is tracking. This means you may be able to benefit from their expertise without needing to research individual bond issuers, monitor credit ratings, or manage maturity dates.

Benefits and Risks of Investing in Bond ETFs

Every investment decision should start with establishing whether a particular type of instrument matches your investment aims and risk profile. Like every financial instrument, bond ETFs have particular characteristics which will appeal to, and deter, individual investors. These include:

Understanding these trade-offs helps to clarify how bond ETFs might be preferable to traditional bond investing.

Bond ETFs vs Traditional Bonds

Choosing between bond ETFs and traditional bonds depends largely on your investment objectives and resources.

Bond ETFs excel in flexibility and diversification. They allow investors to build a comprehensive fixed-income portfolio with minimal capital. For instance, purchasing shares of iShares 7-10 Year Treasury Bond ETF (IEF) provides exposure to intermediate-term government bonds without the complexity of laddering individual securities. This approach suits investors seeking broad market exposure without significant time commitment.

Traditional bonds offer distinct advantages for specific situations. When you need predictable cash flows for known future expenses – such as university fees or retirement income – individual bonds held to maturity provide certainty that bond ETFs cannot match. The ability to lock in yields and guarantee principal return (assuming no default) makes individual bonds attractive for liability matching. Wealthy investors might also prefer individual bonds for tax-loss harvesting opportunities and customised portfolio construction.

Traditional vs ETF: A Case Study

Consider this practical comparison:

• Investing £10,000 in individual UK gilts might allow you to purchase 8–10 different bonds, providing limited diversification.
• The same amount invested in a broad bond ETF could provide exposure to thousands of bonds across multiple sectors, maturities, and credit qualities.
• However, if you need exactly £10,000 in five years, a single five-year gilt held to maturity offers certainty that a bond ETF cannot provide.

The key is understanding that both approaches have merit – many sophisticated investors use a combination, employing bond ETFs for core holdings while using individual bonds for specific objectives.

With this understanding, let’s explore practical steps for incorporating bond ETFs into your investment strategy.

How To Add Bond ETFs to Your Portfolio

Selecting the right bond ETFs requires matching fund characteristics to your objectives. Your research should consider diversifying across duration, geography, and credit quality to build a robust fixed-income portfolio.

• Short-term bond ETFs: Funds such as the iShares 1-3 Year Treasury Bond ETF (SHY) offer stability with lower interest rate risk, making them suitable for conservative investors or those needing liquidity within a few years.
• Intermediate-term ETFs: Offer a balance of yield and moderate risk.
• Long-term bond ETFs: Are associated with higher yields, but with greater volatility.

Once you have established which bond ETF to buy:

• Search your broker platform for that ETF’s ticker
• Review the fund’s holdings to ensure you have the right instrument
• Consider a final review of performance metrics
• Place your order during market hours
• Monitor your allocation periodically, rebalancing when your bond percentage drifts significantly from target
• Consider whether to reinvest interest payments to benefit from the compounding effect, or use them for current income needs

Final thoughts

The global bond ETF market is expanding rapidly. Currently valued at approximately $2 trillion, analysts at BlackRock predict that assets will reach $6 trillion by 2030, and possibly even sooner.

BlackRock’s prediction is not only a vote of confidence in the market, but also a sign that market demand could lead to further expansion in the types of bond ETFs which are available. The additional liquidity may also result in more efficient pricing, tighter bid-offer spreads, and possible fee reductions as ETF managers compete for market share. More good reasons to consider diversifying your portfolio through the inclusion of bond ETFs.

Visit the eToro Academy to discover ways to enhance portfolio diversification and returns.

FAQs

How do Bond ETFs pay interest?

Bond ETFs collect interest payments from their underlying bond holdings and distribute them to shareholders, typically on a monthly or quarterly basis. These distributions appear as cash in your account, which you can withdraw or reinvest to benefit from the compounding effect.

Can Bond ETFs lose money?

Yes, bond ETFs can decline in value, particularly when interest rates rise or credit conditions deteriorate. Unlike individual bonds held to maturity, bond ETFs don’t guarantee principal return.

What’s the minimum investment for Bond ETFs?

The minimum investment is simply the price of one share, which typically ranges from $20 to $100, making them far more accessible than individual bonds that often require minimum investments of $1,000 or more.

Are Bond ETFs suitable for retirement income?

Bond ETFs can provide regular income through their distributions, making them popular for retirement portfolios. However, the lack of principal guarantee means they should be combined with other income sources for comprehensive retirement planning.

How do rising interest rates affect Bond ETFs?

Rising interest rates cause bond prices to fall, negatively impacting bond ETF values. Long-duration funds experience larger price declines than short-duration funds when rates increase.